Beverly Tatum has offered a contrasting view of racial identity development between "Blacks" and "Whites." She does not offer such models for Native Americans, Japanese Americans, Americans of Palestinean descent, the many ways of being Latino/Latina/Hispanic. for the many, many experiences of racial development that I can not enumerate without running our of space on my hard drive, nor does she tell us about the subtle differences between "Whites" raised in anti racist contexts, and "Whites" raised in contexts which either assume the dominant culture (most suburbanites) or active bigot homes. In otherwords like most generalizations, this is overlooks everyones particular experience. Nevertheless I publish it for your information. One more tool in understanding the dynamics of race in the United states. Racial identity does not necessarily imply racism, or racial oppression. Racism assumes that power is used either by individuals or by how individuals habitually relate to one another (institutions) to privilege one group and oppress another.
In Tatum's idea of racial development,both "Blacks" and "Whites" learn to overcome the behavior patterns that result in perpetuating racism. They learn to overcome, but they don't do it the same way.
http://www1.umn.edu/ohr/teachlearn/tatum.html
Categorization drawn from Beverly Daniel Tatum's two articles:
"Talking about Race, Learning about Racism: The Application of Racial Identity Development Theory in the College Classroom."
Harvard Educational Review 62.1 (Spring 1992): 1-24.
"Teaching White Students about Racism: The Search for White Allies and the Restoration of Hope." Teachers College Record 95.4 (Summer 1994): 462-475.
Black Racial Identity Development
Pre-encounter: de-emphasis on racial group membership that likely includes an internalization of stereotypes about the group
Encounter: faced with event or events through which individuals are targets of racial slurs or social rejection by individuals and/or groups an the basis of race.
Immersion/Emersion: (re)building of positive racial identity by seeking out history, culture and peer support within racial background; white-focused anger rises and dissipates.
Internalization: individuals establish meaningful cross racial relationships via friendships & coalitions/
Internalization/Commitment: translate personal sense of racial identity into a sense of commitment that sparks the discovery of a universe of ideas, cultures and experiences
White Racial Identity Development
Contact: Limited awareness of cultural and institutional racism; personal responses to race include curiosity and fear based on images from others and on absence of real images.
Disintegration: increased interaction and information may lead to an understanding of white privilege and advantage of being invisible as a race; guilt and anger and denial accompany discomfort at this point of understanding.
Reintegration: may redirect the dissonance of disintegration so that people of color are blamed as source of that discomfort and will then avoid continued reflection OR may seek more information in order to understand how race/racism are constructed in society.
Pseudo-Independent: to move ahead, may disavow whiteness and/or feel alienation from white peers as this person works to replace racially related myths with accurate information.
Immersion/Emersion: continued building of anti-racism practices and understandings via social activism within groups, classes, family, public arenas as well as learning history of such movements; work ranges from involvement within white anti-racism groups to multiracial coalition building across.
Autonomy: a new sense of self as a person open to new information and ways of thinking about how culture and history and economics might work; alliances crossing race are forged daily.
Definitely more resources are needed in thinking and talking about non black/non white racial identities. My thoughts on racial identity have continued to develop, especially since my bf is bi-racial, neither white nor black, and approaches things from a more scientific view. It's been a learning experience for us both!